Enallage Definition and Examples

In rhetoric, a figure of syntactic substitution in which one grammatical form (person, case, gender, number, tense) is replaced by another (usually ungrammatical) form. Also known as the figure of exchange. Enallage is related to solecism (a deviation from conventional word order). Enallage, however, is usually regarded as a deliberate stylistic device, whereas a solecism is commonly treated as an error of usage. Nonetheless, Richard Lanham suggests that the ordinary student will not go far wrong in using enallage as a general term for the whole broad range of substitutions, intentional or not (Handbook of Rhetorical Terms, 1991). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: AnthimeriaConversionHendiadysHistorical PresentHypallage Etymology From the Greek, change, exchange Examples and Observations Emphasis is what enallage can give us; it draws reaction by shifting the function of a word from that of its usual part of speech to an uncharacteristic function, thereby thwarting the predictable. . . .Heres a classic case of enallage: When a credit agency identifies a deadbeat debtor, the nonpayer is referred to not merely as a bad risk or bad person, but as a bad. Shifting the adjective bad into a noun is like saying, once a bad, always a bad, and bad through and through.(Arthur Plotnik, Spunk Bite. Random House, 2005)Got milk? is substandard speech. So is Subway’s Eat fresh. . . .It’s a trick called enallage: a slight deliberate grammatical mistake that makes a sentence stand out.We was robbed. Mistah Kurtz—he dead. Thunderbirds are go. All of these stick in our minds because they’re just wrong—wrong enough to be right.(Mark Forsyth, Rhetorical Reasons That Slogans Stick. The New York Times, November 13, 2014)The hyssop doth tree it in Judea.(T homas Fuller, quoted by John Walker Vilant Macbeth in The Might and Mirth of Literature: A Treatise on Figurative Language, 1875)Whose scoffed words he taking halfe in scorne,Fiercely forth prickt his steed as in disdaine . . ..(Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queen, Book 4, Canto 2)Bid them farewell, Cordelia, though unkind;Thou losest here, a better where to find.(William Shakespeare, King Lear)Being now awake, Ill queen it no inch further,But milk my ewes, and weep.(William Shakespeare, The Winters Tale) . . . how wickedly and wretchedly soever a man shall live, though he furs himself warm with poor mens hearts . . ..(Thomas Adams, The Three Divine Sisters)Enallage as a Rhetorical FigureIn narrative texts, a substitution of the past tense by the present tense (praesens historicum) takes place, when the intended effect is a vivid representation (enargeia). Not merely a solecism or a grammatical mistake, enallage is employed with a functional intentionality, which gives it the status of a rhetorical figure.(Heinrich F. Plett, Enallage, Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, edited by Thomas O. Sloane. Oxford University Press, 2002)The Figure of Exchange: From Latin To EnglishOf all the disorderly figures of speech I have considered thus far, enallage proves to be the most resistant to translation into English. The figure manipulates grammatical accidents, substituting one case, person, gender, or tense for another, and it does not have any obvious function in an uninflected language apart from the system of pronouns. Yet despite its basic unworkability in the vernacular, enallage and its subfigure antiposis appear in four English rhetorics published between 1550 and 1650. . . . In order to make enallage speak English--to turn it into the Figure of exchange--these rhetorics redefine it as a mode of pronoun substitution, turning enallage into a figure that exchanges he for she. Like the costumes of the early modern stage, the figure allows English words to change their case, or garments.(Jenny C. Mann, Outlaw Rhetoric: Figuring Vernacular Eloquence in Shakespeares England. Cornell University Press, 2012) Also Known As: figure of exchange, anatiptosis​ Pronunciation: eh-NALL-uh-gee

Analysis Of The Article Heart Of Darkness Essay

determiner: Words such as â€Å"a/an,† â€Å"the,† â€Å"some,† and â€Å"my† are determiners, which are utilized to â€Å"determine† what nouns mean. â€Å"A/an† and â€Å"the† can be considered to be the most significant determiners. â€Å"A/an† and â€Å"the† also are known as articles. A more comprehensive list of determiners would include â€Å"any,† â€Å"each,† â€Å"every,† â€Å"no,† â€Å"his,† â€Å"this/that,† â€Å"these/those,† â€Å"his,† â€Å"her,† â€Å"its,† â€Å"your,† â€Å"our,† and â€Å"their.† A concept basic to articles is countability, and they pose difficult challenges for L2 learners regarding, for example, which nouns are countable or uncountable in English since countability, while very important, can be difficult to quantify. An example regarding the use of the article would be the novel Heart of Da rkness. Not having an article at the beginning of this title appears to be more a matter of style than grammar, and also is a characteristic of headlines, titles, and names. So while conventionally a countable noun (such as heart) needs a determiner (the, a, this, or my), not applying this rule could be confusing to an L2 learner expecting an article. 2. perfective: In English, there are two aspects (see next entry for a definition of â€Å"aspect†)—perfect (also called perfective) and continuous (also termed progressive). The perfect aspect establishes a connection between two periods of time while the continuous aspect typically connotes that an activity still is occurring, is seen from a specific juncture in time, and the verbs employed are those typicallyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Heart Of Darkness Essay1918 Words   |  8 Pagesknown as articles. A more comprehensive list of determiners would include â€Å"any,† â€Å"each,† â€Å"every,† â€Å"no,† â€Å"his,† â€Å"this/that,† â€Å"these/those,† â€Å"his,† â€Å"her,† â€Å"its,† â€Å"your,† â€Å"our,† and â€Å"their.† A concept basic to articles is countability, and they pose difficult challenges for L2 learners regarding, for example, which nouns are countable or uncountable in English since countability, while very important, can be difficult to quantify. An example regarding the use of the article would be the novel Heart of DarknessRead MoreGender Role In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesGender Role In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness For the most part people who read Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad may feel that the novella is strictly a story of exploration and racial discrimination. But to Johanna Smith who wrote â€Å"’Too Beautiful Altogether’: Ideologies of Gender and Empire in Heart of Darkness† it is much more than that. Johanna Smith along with Wallace Watson and Rita A. Bergenholtz agree that throughout Heart of Darkness there are tones of gender prejudice, but the wayRead MoreThe Journey In â€Å"Heart Of Darkness† Spans Not Only The Capricious1222 Words   |  5 PagesThe journey in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† spans not only the capricious waters extending our physical world, but also the perplexing ocean which exists in the heart of man. Through Marlow s somewhat overenthusiastic eyes, we perceive the mystery that is humanity, and the blurred line between darkness and light. It is an expedition into the deepest crevices of the human heart and mind bringing on an awa reness, and finally descending into the abyss of hell abiding in each of us. Conrad’s use of wordplayRead MoreEthnocentrism: with Whom Resides the Heart of Darkness?790 Words   |  4 PagesEthnocentrism 1 Ethnocentrism With Whom Resides the Heart of Darkness? 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Throughout his essay, Achebe notes how Conrad used Africa as a background only, and how he set Africa up as a foil to Europe,(Achebe, p.251) while he also projects the image of Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe andRead MoreEssay on Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness1414 Words   |  6 Pageswith a leader of a community who has this type of unchecked power and influence with a happy ending. Perhaps the greatest story ever written about good vs. evil, madness, abuse of power along with influence, and nature just might be Heart of Darkness. Heart of Darkness, written by Joseph Conrad tells the story of an agent named Marlow, who experiences hellish conditions and behaviors whilst trying to rescue a man named Kurtz, who turns out to be quite a handful. 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The relations between groups and classes of people that imperialism sets up, and that these two works explore, starkly reveals the contradictions within capitalism in a way that a similar piece of fiction set within one culture and dealing with characters from that culture alone cannot. Prior to the analysis however, I would like to giveRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne And Edgar Allen Poe1318 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics of America’s Puritan thought. Both Hawthorne and Poe apprehend the impact of transgression and evil on humanity. â€Å"The Birthm ark† and †Ligeia† both recognize that a yearning for perfection can generate a dark obsession that directs the heart and will of man. â€Å"The Birthmark† is a tale of a youthful woman, Georgina, who has a hand-shaped mark upon her cheek and has been convinced by her husband to get the birthmark removed because in his eyes it limits her perfection. She feels the pressureRead MoreThe Heart Of Darkness By Joseph Conrad968 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Conrad’s novella The Heart of Darkness has been under controversy because of racial interpretations. The race factor in this novel has made some scholars and professors question the function the novella has in the classroom. However, Joseph Conrad had another view when writing the novel; to demonstrate how prejudice and dehumanizing the European culture is towards African Americans and their culture during this time period. European’s superior authority over African Americans is portrayed

Coming to Terms free essay sample

Her argument was based fully on fast food restaurants adopting ideas from fine dining restaurants . Falk inserts an inordinate amount of her own feelings on the topic and doesn’t analyze the subject as well as she should have. She focuses mainly on the fast food business while lacking in her analysis of fine dining. She also should have made the paper more about what caused the changes in the restaurant business instead of the changes themselves. In the essay Falk has many examples of foods and restaurants that have changed and became noticed for their modern style, such as Panera Bread and Chipotle. She appeals to a large audience by adding examples many people can relate too. On the other hand, her article is extremely biased in multiple ways. She makes too many generalizations that may not particularly be true in some cases. For example she states, â€Å" the fact that people today hate to make choices, preferring to have the best of both worlds † (Falk,33). We will write a custom essay sample on Coming to Terms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This may not be exactly true for everyone. She uses the previous quote to support her argument in saying that since people are so indecisive quick casual would be a good alternative. Another instance is when she states, â€Å"There are significantly more calories at table service restaurants† (Falk, 35). The prior quote shows her bias towards dine-in restaurants because she only uses negative examples of fine dining. Furthermore, her essay is very restricted. She aims her essay towards adults and college students with her use of language and examples of certain restaurants; But a lot of her writing makes you think otherwise. The core of her essay is stating that quick casual is the new alternative to fine and fast food dining. Though she never takes into consideration the ideas of being a vegetarian or that college students have dining halls or even the fact that not all people eat out. She had good arguments but they did not affect the people they were meant to affect. One of her main argumentative statements is at the very end of her essay when she says, â€Å"The country is focused on problems with obesity and poor eating habits .. until major changes are made, food prepared at home will almost always be healthier than food eaten away from home† (Falk,36) . These type of statements should have been more prominent in the essay, she only brings up this type of conflict in the last paragraph and nowhere else. By tying in the eating at home or the obesity aspect more, she would have had a strong argument. As mention earlier, if she touched on all the aspects possible that would have made her essay more relevant Some of her most outstanding focuses were â€Å"Trend Mapping† and the â€Å"Trickle Down Theory†. Trend mapping helps culinary experts predict which menu items will be popular in the future. The trickle down theory helps quick casual restaurants enhance their menu with more fine dining dishes. These ideas help customers make smart choices. I was impressed with her inclusion of these two innovations because they go right along with her topic and fit into the main idea . Even though her essay was poorly structured at some points, there were also some good points throughout. I feel that her style was very laid back and readable because she used places her target audience have been and can relate to, as examples. Brenda Falk creates this article with the objective of describing the many similarities between the food industry and that the in between â€Å"quick casual† style is the most convenient. She successfully describes these similarities and elaborates on the new innovative style but never fully creates a legitimate argument. If she discussed more on the topic of eating at home or the factor of money or even brought in some positives of fine dining, that could have created a stronger argument. She has a great sense of organization and style but needs to focus more on her analysis of the topic.

The Zen Of Oz Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Zen Of Oz Essay, Research Paper Glinda, the Good Witch of the North, a Zen maestro? The Tin Man an enlightenment searcher? ? Follow the Yellow Brick Road? a mantra? Joey Green? s, The Zen of Oz, is a witty, capricious, and surprisingly insightful debut to Eastern Philosophy via one of the universe? s most darling films. It delivers cosmopolitan truths in a charming, non-preachy, manner leting you to research Dorothy? s xanthous brick route, every bit good as your ain. Along the manner, you will detect original vocal wordss, your favourite duologue, all of the charming characters, and the astonishing scenes from the gesture image, The Wizard of Oz, illustrated in a Nipponese manner. Green investigates deeper readings, and portraitures of many facets of the narrative of Oz, and attempts to set up a truth. He lays out 10 religious lessons in an effort to convey the narrative of The Wizard of Oz, every bit good as yourself, closer to bring outing the intent to life, every bit good as to set up a relationship between the character? s experiences and your ain. We will write a custom essay sample on The Zen Of Oz Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He offers the reader counsel, and uses the characters from the gesture image, non merely to entertain, but to edify. Each subdivision is filled with fantastic thoughts and narratives which seek to animate audiences into happening their ain religious enlightenment. Does The Wizard of Oz touch a religious chord in all of us? Glinda, the Good Witch, is clearly a Zen maestro who sets Dorothy out on the Yellow Brick Road to self-awareness. When she is joined by the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion, they must all allow travel of their witting propensity and liberate their heads to accomplish a encephalon, a bosom and bravery, effortlessly. However, Dorothy? s accomplishment is far greater than that of the remainder. She encounters her true Self, her? Oneness with the universe, ? ( pg. 43 ) , attains satori, the Zen experience of? rousing? ? and finally, her place. ? Your felicity is determined by your karma. ? ( pg.21 ) Right off, Green clears with some religious advice from over the rainbow. He embarks on a mission to research the Law of Karma, ? what goes about comes about? , and how Isaac Newton put it, ? for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. ? Simply, every pick you make has a effect, whether or non you make that pick consciously. ? Whenever you face a pick, see the effects of that choice. ? Will the effects nourish felicity? Green believes that the innermost kernel, ? your true ego? , will entirely cognize the reply, and that, that pick will convey you good karma. Like Dorothy, if you go through life doing unconscious picks and running off from your jobs, you will hold to cover with the karmic effects. Green dives deeper into the narrative line to analyze different characters and their inhumed significances. He explores Glinda, the Good enchantress of the North, and aspires to breakdown her logical thinking. He begins at the point where Dorothy is introduced to this character for the first clip. Immediately Dorothy is asked, ? Are you a good enchantress or a bad enchantress? ? Appalled by her inquiry, Dorothy answers, ? Well I? m non a enchantress at all. Enchantresss are old and ugly. ? As the munchkins giggle, Glinda explains, ? They? re laughing because I am witch. ? ? You are? Oh, I beg your forgiveness! ? Replies Dorothy, ? but I? ve neer heard of a beautiful enchantress before. ? ? Merely bad enchantresss are ugly, ? explains Glinda. So, if merely bad enchantresss are ugly, as Glinda asserts, why so does she inquire Dorothy if she is a good enchantress or a bad enchantress? Does Glinda see Dorothy to be ugly? Or is Glinda speaking about interior beauty and inner ugliness? What determines the inner bea uty/ugliness that separates a good enchantress from a bad enchantress? Could Glinda be seting that inquiry in Dorothy? s caput to give her something to chew over while going down the Yellow brick route? Are you good or evil? Green distinguishes between good and evil by declaring that good is when you? drop your leading accomplishments to assist others acquire in touch with their true power. ? ( Pg. 109 ) On the other manus, the Wicked Witch of the West, is the perfect representation of immorality. She refuses to give up control, is convinced that she can rule everything and shortly self-destructs. He claims that? good ever prevails over immorality, because evil finally dissolves itself. ? ( Pg. 110 ) Green? s 5th chapter is titled, ? Heartss will Never be Broken until they can be made Practical, ? and it discusses the Tin Man? s jobs in respects to his bosom. The Tin Man is missing a bosom and travels down the xanthous brick route, along side of Dorothy, the straw man and the fearful king of beasts, in hunt of the Wizard who will provide him with 1. When he eventually reaches the Wizard and is given a? cordate ticker and concatenation, ? he is so urged to retrieve that? a bosom is judged non by how much you love, but by how much you are loved by others. ? What precisely does the advice, from the Wizard, mean? Is he stating that a individual who does good workss, and who is non loved by others, does non truly hold a bosom? What about altruists who donate a immense sum of money to charities, and neer have acknowledgment? Do they hold a smaller bosom than the egoist who gives money to charity merely to hold a edifice named after himself? Is public sentiment truly an accurate step by which to judge a individual? s bosom? The citizens of Emerald City love the Wizard of Oz, but does that mean he has a bigger bosom than the Tin Man who is merely loved by Dorothy, the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion? Unwittingly, the Wizard? s advice is really a koan. A koan, in Zen, is a conundrum with no evident significance. ? The koan is: Is a bosom judged by how profoundly you are loved by others? Or is the deepness of your love the true step of a bosom? ? ( Pg. 69 ) Green explains that how profoundly you are loved by others does uncover the deepness of your love for them. Yet he manages to hammer a struggle in his logical thinking. On his way to explicate the koan, he comes face to face with a contradiction in his words. For case, the Witch of the West doesn? Ts have any love for anyone, and doesn? t even mourn the decease of her sister. Alternatively, she raves about her ruby slippers. She becomes haunted with killing Dorothy, non to revenge her sister? s decease, but to extinguish any possible menaces to her programs to take over Oz. Her motivations are selfish, and she has no bosom. She loves no 1, and no 1 loves her in return. He so goes onto discourse the Wizard of Oz, and illustrates that he is loved by the citizens of Emerald City, every bit long as he protects them from the wicked Witch of the West. But the Wizard? s love for the citizens is non echt ; in fact, he merely protects the metropolis so he can keep his power. His love is conditional and insincere. In this instance, he is loved profoundly by the citizens yet returns no love in exchange. Green? s account of the koan exposes a contradiction in itself. The Zen of Oz is genuinely inspiring! It is easy to read and deeply interesting. It is a definite must-read! It includes absorbing narratives accompanied by perfect building, fluxing from chapter to chapter neer allowing you take your eyes off it. It encourages you to liberate your head to larn of the thoughtful lessons hidden in the charming movie, The Wizard of Oz. By appealing to this celebrated movie, all audiences